Summary
The "Problematic CPU Detected" window pops up in Path of Titans running on Intel 13th & 14th gen CPUs. The instability problems only occur on the Core i7s and i9s and can end up freezing your computer or crashing any game or application.
Alderon Games, Warframe staff and Epic Games also acknowledged the issue, offering temporary solutions to prevent such problems with their games. Intel has given its date for releasing the microcode, which will supposedly fix the problem to a good extent but it has to monitor it regularly to mitigate the problem permanently for good.